16 126 809 livres à l’intérieur 175 langues
2 047 052 livres numériques à l’intérieur 101 langues
Cela ne vous convient pas ? Aucun souci à se faire ! Vous pouvez renvoyer le produit dans les 30 jours
Impossible de faire fausse route avec un bon d’achat. Le destinataire du cadeau peut choisir ce qu'il veut parmi notre sélection.
Politique de retour sous 30 jours
Plant-animal interaction systems are complex food webs where the members, viz., plants, pollinators, herbivores, parasites and predators of the pollinators/herbivores interact with each other in ways which maximize their own fitness. Based on the net outcome, such interactions could be mutually beneficial to the interacting members (mutualism) or beneficial to only one of the interacting members at the cost of the other interacting members (herbivory, predation, parasitism). It is possible that such outcomes are a continuum and could swing in either direction from beneficial to detrimental and vice versa. Such transitions happen not only over long time scales, but could also happen within shorter time scales based on conditionalities. Conditional outcomes are those in which the outcome of an interaction between two partners is conditional on the involvement of a third partner. Thus, studying such outcomes necessitates taking into account systems beyond the classical two-partner interactions.