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The history of flight and exile of Catholics during the Dutch Revolt has long been overlooked. This book explores the forced migration of thousands of Catholic men and women during one of the largest religious wars of the early modern period. By mapping the Catholic diaspora across sixteenth-century Europe, Geert Janssen explains how exile worked as a catalyst of religious radicalisation and transformed the worldviews, networks and confessional identities of the refugees. Like their Protestant counterparts, the displaced Catholic communities became the mobilising forces behind a militant International Catholicism. The Catholic exile experience thus facilitated the permanent separation of the northern and southern Netherlands. Drawing on diaries, letters and evidence from material culture, this book offers a penetrating picture of the lives of early modern refugees and their agency in the Counter-Reformation.